Understanding the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity

Its common to see the terms race and ethnicity used interchangeably, but, generally speaking, the meanings are distinct. Race is usually seen as biological, referring to the physical characteristics of a person, while ethnicity is viewed as a social science construct that describes a persons cultural identity. Ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display, to a greater or lesser degree. What Is Race? The term race refers to distinct populations within a larger species. Racial characteristics are physical and can range from skin, eye, and hair color to facial structure. Members of different races usually have relatively minor differences in such morphology—a branch of biology dealing with the form and structure of animals and plants—and in genetics. All humans belong to the same species (Homo sapiens) and sub-species (Homo sapiens sapiens), but small genetic variations trigger varying physical appearances. Though humans often are subdivided into races, the actual morphological variations dont indicate major differences in DNA. The DNA of two humans chosen at random generally varies by less than 0.1%. Because racial genetic differences arent strong, some scientists describe all humans as belonging to a single race: the human race. What Is Ethnicity? Ethnicity is the term used for the culture of people in a given geographic region or of people who descended from natives of that region. It includes their language, nationality, heritage, religion, dress, and customs. An Indian-American woman might display her ethnicity by wearing a sari, bindi, and henna hand art, or she could conceal it by wearing Western garb. Being a member of an ethnic group involves following some or all of those cultural practices. Members of an ethnicity tend to identify with each other based on these shared traits. Examples of ethnicity include being labeled as Irish, Jewish, or Cambodian, regardless of race. Ethnicity is considered an anthropological term because it is based on learned behaviors, not biological factors. Many people have mixed cultural backgrounds and can share in more than one ethnicity. Race vs. Ethnicity Race and ethnicity can overlap. For example, a Japanese-American would probably consider herself a member of the Japanese or Asian race, but, if she doesnt engage in any practices or customs of her ancestors, she might not identify with the ethnicity, instead considering herself an American. Another way to look at the difference is to consider people who share the same ethnicity. Two people might identify their ethnicity as American, yet one is black and the other white. A person born of Asian descent growing up in Britain might identify racially as Asian and ethnically as British. When Italian, Irish, and Eastern European immigrants began arriving in the United States, they werent considered part of the white race. This widely accepted view led to restrictions of immigration policies and on the entrance of â€Å"non-white† immigrants. Around the start of the 20th century, people from various regions were considered to be members of sub-categories of the white race, such as â€Å"Alpine† and â€Å"Mediterranean† races. These categories passed out of existence, and people from these groups began to be accepted into the wider â€Å"white† race, though some retained distinction as ethnic groups. The idea of an ethnic group can also be broadened or narrowed. While Italian-Americans are thought of as an ethnic group in the United States, some Italians identify more with their regional origins than their national ones. Rather than view themselves as Italians, they consider themselves Sicilian. Nigerians who recently moved to the U.S. might identify more with their specific group from within Nigeria—Igbo, Yoruba, or Fulani, for example—than their nationality. They might have completely different customs from African-Americans who descended from former slaves and whose families have been in the U.S. for generations. Some researchers believe that the concepts of both race and ethnicity have been socially constructed because their definitions change over time, based on public opinion. The belief that race is due to genetic differences and biological morphologies gave way to racism, the idea of superiority and inferiority based on race, they charge. Persecution based on ethnicity, however, also has been common. Race Trumps Ethnicity New York University sociology professor Dalton Conley spoke to PBS about the difference between race and ethnicity for the program â€Å"Race: The Power of an Illusion†: â€Å"The fundamental difference is that race is socially imposed and hierarchical. There is an inequality built into the system. Furthermore, you have no control over your race; it’s how you’re perceived by others.† Conley, like other sociologists, argues that ethnicity is more fluid and crosses racial lines: â€Å"I have a friend who was born in Korea to Korean parents, but as an infant, she was adopted by an Italian family in Italy. Ethnically, she feels Italian: She eats Italian food, she speaks Italian, she knows Italian history and culture. She knows nothing about Korean history and culture. But when she comes to the United States, she’s treated racially as Asian.† Key Takeaways Differences between race and ethnicity: Race is biological, while ethnicity is cultural.Ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, while race generally cannot be.Ethnicity can be adopted, ignored, or broadened, while racial characteristics cannot.Ethnicity has subcategories, while races no longer do.Both have been used to subjugate or persecute people.Some sociologists believe that racial divisions are based more on sociological concepts than biological principles. Sources: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-race-and-ethnicity.html https://www.diffen.com/difference/Ethnicity_vs_Race https://www.livescience.com/33903-difference-race-ethnicity.html

The Morality Of Female Contraception - 1735 Words

The Morality of Female Contraception The morality of contraception is subjective and heavily controversial among families, religious organizations, activist groups, politicians, and corporations. Contraception was first defined in the late 1800’s as the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various techniques, drugs, or devices though contraceptive methods have been used and their morality debated for thousands of years. Raised in the Catholic faith, the teachings I have received did not support the use of contraceptives. Growing into maturity, life experience, and my own personal system of values has driven a change in my perspective on the morality of contraception. This narrative describes my position on the morality of contraceptives with consideration for the most common arguments against their use, effects on women’s health, and the role of equality in determining the morality of contraceptives. Common Arguments The most common arguments involve sexual promiscuity and Biblical direction. The use of contraceptives is often associated with similar controversies like sexual promiscuity, sex out of wedlock, and sex for physical enjoyment. The Catholic Church requires couples to practice natural family planning (NFP). NFP is a general name for the methods of family planning that are based on a woman’s menstrual cycle. NFP is God’s plan for achieving or avoiding pregnancy using the physical means that God has built into people. People would onlyShow MoreRelatedIs Abstinence Only Education For Adolescents Of Various Sexualities?964 Words   |  4 Pagesthe health of teenaged girls as well. The repression of female representation in health courses has contributed to the magnification of the gender stereotypes, where women are ideally portrayed as pure vessels if they remain virgins until marriage. Therefore, young girls should remain chaste and pubescent boys naturally have a rampant sexuality due to their uncontrollable hormones. Traditional gender roles are then reinforced, disregarding female sexuality thus alienating them within their health coursesRead MoreThe Legal Battle Between Pro Choice Activis ts And Pro Life Supporters Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pageseye to the problems of low-income and marginalized women. Since the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, there has been a continuous legal battle between pro-choice activists and pro-life supporters. This fight has snowballed from a discussion about the morality of abortion to an argument that the whole of women haven’t a right to reproductive/ gynecological care at all. Now we stand here, around 50 decades later, with several laws, polices, and judges that seek to curtail a women’s options for reproductiveRead MoreRisky Business1206 Words   |  5 Pagesneeded to prepare herself to face popular belief, ridicule, the courts, imprisonment, and indictment. These are without a doubt large risks. She was facing these things because it was considered illegal to publish and distribute information on contraception and even more so illegal to distribute the devices themselves. Sanger began a radical monthly article called Woman Rebel that was the beginning of her direct action. She legally distributed the article which did not contain information aboutRead MoreThe Methods For Preventing Pregnancy1573 Words   |  7 Pagesyet, there is a struggle that women and men have to face especially women. In the United States contraceptives had been struggling with political controversy and sexual morality. During the 19th and 20th centuries oral contraceptives were seen negatively by the society because politics related contraceptives with sexual morality. Many politics create laws to punish whoever would oppose to their laws with jail time. It was a very confusing period for many women because they were trying to protectRead MorePersuasive Speech On Medical Professionals1148 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge surrounding the body but they were not allowed to call it a profession. It was also argued that women had huge potential to be able to care for female related health such as maternity and child birthing. This was seen as one area of health that women doctors could actually be more skilled in than men. Women might confined in a female doctor than they would a male doctor and this would allow thme to receive better care. Tutorial Three The debate in this tutorial was focused on alternativeRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1674 Words   |  7 Pagesforms of contraceptives include, but not limited to, hormonal oral birth control pills and emergency after intercourse pills as well as intrauterine devices (IUDs).3 However, some religious organizations were exempted from providing coverage of contraception as it violates their religious beliefs. Effective August 1, 2013, any health plan established or maintained by a religious employer, defined as ‘‘an employer that is organized and operates as a non-profit entity and is referred to in section 6033(a)(3)(A)(i)Read MoreThe Catholic Churchs View on Contraception Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesContraception is the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various drugs, techniques, or devices – also more famously known as birth control. This research paper will examine the views of both the Catholic Church and the view that opposes the Catholic Church on this practice. Each view will be examined thoroughly with the reasoning behind each unique view. The Catholic Church’s view on contraception is simple. They believe that any act of sex must be both unitive and procreativeRead MoreMargaret Sanger And The Birth Control Movement Highlighted1187 Words   |  5 Pagesand similar issues? Birth control was not merely a technique to expand the realm of personal freedom; it grew out of a radical political ideology that contributed to the liberation of women, especially working-class women. Although the idea of contraception marginalized those who believed that birth control was against the laws of God and nature, Margaret Sanger’s campaign sought rights for women to control their own physical destinies. This paper analyzes three documents— including excerpts fromRead MoreThe Arrival Of The Pill979 Words   |  4 PagesThe arrival of the pill in the spring of 1960 heralded a new era in the long history of birth control, and it signalled an important, modern step towards bodily autonomy for women. For the first time there existed a method of contraception that separated birth control from the act of sexual intercourse, while having a nearly one hundred percent success rate. When the pill hit the market, at the peak of the baby boom, it was overwhelming mothers who rushed to get it. While some commentators fearedRead MoreAbortion View On Abortion841 Words   |  4 Pages Megan Martino 12/10/17 Meyers Abor-shun Roe v Wade was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which guarantees autonomic rights to females. Without it, the health and safety of women within the United States would have been severely compromised. This Supreme Court decision determined the fate for women seeking abortions and protected future physicians from being prosecuted when an abortion is performed within the state’s guidelines. Although there is much division on abortion and

Business and Ethics Essay Example For Students

Business and Ethics Essay UNIVERSITY OF LA VERNEVAFB, CALIFORNIAECBU 346BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONFEBURARY 12, 1997BY DOUG RONINGFrom a business perspective, working under government contracts can bevery lucrative. In general, a steady stream of orders keep coming in, revenueincreases and the company continues to grow. There are a few obvious downfallsto working with government contracts; a higher quality is to be expected as wellas extensive research accompanied by accurate and complete documentation areusually required. If one part of the process fails to perform correctly it cancause minor flaws as well a problems that can carry some serious repercussions;For example the case of the failed computer chip at Company X. When both theemployee and company are found at fault, the question arises of how extensiveshould the repercussions be? Is the company as a whole liable or do you lookinto individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective onewould have to look at the available information of bot h the employees and theirsuperiors along with the role of others in the situation. Next you would haveto analyze the final outcome from a corporate perspective and then examine thecorporate responsibility as a whole in order to find a resolution for cases suchas this. The first mitigating factor involved in the Company X case is theuncertainty, on the part of the employees, on their duties that they wereassigned. It is possible that during the testing procedure, an employeecouldnt distinguish between the parts they were to test under governmentstandards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even beenmisinformed on the final product that they tested. In fact, ignorance on thepart of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility forany damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that anemployee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have tobe looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is one of threats that an employee mightsuffer if they do not follow through with their assignment. After the bogustesting was completed in the Company X labs, the documentation department alsohad to falsify documents stating that the parts had more than met thegovernments testing standards. From a legal and ethical standpoint, both thetesters and the writers of the reports were merely acting as agents on directorders from upper management. The writers of the reports were well aware of thesituation yet they acted in this manner on the instruction of a supervisor. Acting in an ethical manner becomes a secondary priority in this type ofenvironment. As stated by Alan Reder, if they the employees feel they willsuffer retribution, if they report a problem, they arent too likely to opentheir mouths. (113). The workers knew that if the reports were not falsifiedthey would come under questioning and perhaps their job would be in jeopardy. Although working under these conditions does not fully excuse an employee frommoral fault, it does give a starting point to help narrow down the person ordepartment that issued the original request for the unethical acts. The third mitigating factor is one that perhaps encompasses the majorityof the employees in the Company X case. We have to balance the directinvolvement that each employee had with the defective parts. Thus, it has to bemade clear that many of the employees did not have direct involvement with thetesting departments or with the parts that eventually failed. Even employees,or sub-contractors that were directly involved with the production were notaware of the ignorance on the part of the testing department. For example, theelectrical engineer that designed the defective computer chip could have statedthat it was tested and it did indeed meet the required government tests. Also,for the employees that handled the part after the testing process, they weredealing with what they believed to be a piece of equipment that met governmentstandards. If the part was not tested properly, and did eventually fail, isntthe testing department more morally responsible than the designer or theassembly l ine worker that was in charge of installing the chip? In largecorporations there may be several testing departments and in some cases one maybe held more responsible than another depending on their involvement. A processlike this can serve as a dual purpose for finding irresponsible employees aswell as those that are morally excused. Greenspan EssayThe question that naturally arises, in debating corporate responsibility,is what types of checks and balances can be employed within a company to ensurethat a corporation and all of its agents act in an ethical manner. Taking theexample of the Company X case, one can notice many failures in moralresponsibility. Company X would have to review its employees, particularly thesupervisors, for basic ethical values such as honesty. For example, ultimatelyit was the widespread falsification of the testing documentation that caused thedownfall of Company X, not the integrity of its imployees. In the outline ofthe case it is never mentioned that the employees initiated this idea, it wouldseem that it was the supervisors that gave the order to falsify the documents. Through open communication, a company can resolve a variety of its ethicaldilemmas. As for the financial aspects of the corporation, it has to decidewhether the long term effects that a reprimand can have outweighs their bottomline. In other words, corporations have to start moving away from the thoughtof instant profit and start realizing both the long term effects and benefits. These long term benefits can include a stronger sense of ethics in the workforce as well as a better overall example to society. In conclusion, I agree with the use of mitigating factors in determiningmoral responsibility. A company, as defined by law, is only a name on a pieceof paper. The company acts and conducts itself according to the employees thatwork for it. I use the word employee because in ethical thinking there shouldbe no distinction of rank within a company. There are times when executives canbe held directly responsible and at the same time, there are cases whereemployees are acting unethically without the executives knowing. Neither titleof executive or employee are always morally perfect. Therefore, when a companyhas acted irresponsibly, its employees must be held liable in a proportionateamount. As for the future of ethics in business I would speculate that ifemployees started to think more in long term benefits and profits, many of theethical dilemmas that we face today would be greatly reduced. As mentionedbefore, businesses today uses the measuring stick of profitability. We need tostress the importance of placing ethical weight on all major business decisions. Opponents would argue that this is a long term plan that require toomany radical changes. Also, there is no way that an industry wide standard canbe set due to the vast differences in corporations. In response, I would argue that although there are no industry standardsthat are feasible, but it is possible for every company to examine theirpractices as well as the attitudes of their employees. There will be a numberof companies that will defend that are doing all they can to make sure theiremployees are aware of their moral values. Yet other companies will find thatthey do have areas that need improvement. It is steps like these that sparkchange in an organization. Once a few companies start to see the benefits, itcan help to encourage other companies to follow suit. After all, as seen in thecase of Company X, mistakes in one department can cause the deterioration of anentire corporation. When a corporation realizes the costs involved withdecisions such as this, the changes required to rectify are small in comparison. Works CitedPava, Moses. Corporate Responsibility and Financial Performance. Quorum Books, March 1995. Reder, Alan. In Pursuit of Principle and Profit. G.P. Putnams Sons Publishing, 1995. Sawyer, George. Business and Society: Managing Corporate Social Impact. Houghton Mifflin Publishing, Feburary 1993. Velazquez, Manuel. Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. Category: Philosophy

What is Societal Marketing free essay sample

Societal Marketing in organizations aims in fulfilling the demands and needs of the consumers effectively and efficiently than their competitors keeping in mind the well being of the consumers and the society. This concept of societal marketing is based on social responsibility and it suggests that a company which only believes in exchange relationship with the consumers might not sustain long in the market. Therefore it is emphasized that marketers must look into satisfying the needs of the customers keeping in mind the well being of the society as a whole. There are various objectives of societal marketing, some of them are: †¢Marketing and business leaders should adopt roles of leadership for the advancement of society and to achieve new levels of moral conduct. †¢Social responsibility implies that a business leader before taking any decisions should think about the protection and enhancement of the society. †¢The main of such businesses would be to help the consumers and to induce proper consumption value amongst them. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Societal Marketing? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Societal marketing should not be confused with social marketing. Societal marketing includes integrating issues of social responsibility into commercial marketing strategies. Whereas, social marketing is completely opposite, it uses commercial marketing tools and techniques to social causes. Societal marketing can be defined as a marketing strategy which has a social dimension which includes non economic criteria. It is concerned about societys long term interests. Societal marketing clearly makes the outline between immediate consumer satisfaction and the long term benefits. The categories of product (according to Kotler) and Societal marketing The categories of products are as follows: 1. Generic Product – It includes all the qualities of the product. For example for a warm coat, it is about material, fit and all the related qualities of the product. 2. Core Product – It indicative of the basic product which means for which purpose the product is made. For example, the warm coat is intended to protect the consumers from heat and rain. 3. Expected Product – It is about the expectations the consumers have from the product. For example, the coat should be warm and be comforting in the bad weather. 4. Augmented Product – This refers to the add-on that the product possesses which makes it unique and apart from the other products. 5. Potential Product – This refers to the change and transformation the product may undergo in future. Examples There are many companies worldwide who work on the concept of societal marketing. Some of the examples of societal marketing are: †¢Ford – It is a company which is famous in marketing its Hybrid car in a very interesting way. It involved the customers in its marketing strategy and allowed them to share their Instagram photos, which was a part of the marketing strategy. †¢Nike Another example of societal marketing is that of Nike which let the customers to design their own Nike sneakers. These were some of the examples of societal marketing which involved the consumers in its marketing strategy. Reference: http://classof1. com/homework-help/marketing-homework-help